Писать много по такому простому вопросу мне лень, поэтому просто опубликую немного разных исламских монет, отчеканенных задолго до золотоордынского хана Улу (Улуг-)Мухаммеда.
Но для начала хочу показать написание т.н. "Калимы", или, как её ещё называют, "Символа веры":
لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله
По-русски это значит: "Нет бога, кроме аллаха, мухаммед - пророк бога".
Понятно, что размещение этого девиза на любой монете, отчеканенной прежде монет Улу-Мухаммеда, - опровергает версию о том, что Улу-Мухаммед - и есть "тот самый Мухаммед".
Islamic Dynasties
Ilkhan, Abu Sa'id, AH 716-736 / AD 1316-1335. AV dinar (25mm, 8.87 gm, 6h). Shahristan AH 731, type G, A-2212. Extremely Fine.Shahristan was a small city in the northern edge of Khorasan, near the city of Nisa, now in the Republic of Turkmenistan, and north of the Iranian city of Damghan.
Estimate: 1500-2000 USD
Islamic Dynasties
Ghaznavid, Mahmud, governor of Nishapur AH 384-387 / AD 994-997. AV dinar (24mm, 4.22 gm, 8h). Nishapur AH 384, as al‑wali sayf al-dawla, A-A1602, citing the Samanid ruler Nuh III b. Mansur, without sword. Cleanly struck on a broad flan. Extremely Fine.
Estimate: 800-1000 USD
Islamic Dynasties
Abbasid, al-Muttaqi, AH 329-333 / AD 940-944. AV dinar for presentation (28mm, 4.14 gm, 8h). Wasit AH 333, inscriptions are type A-256 but without citing the heir-apparent with the same broad outer margins as on the previous lot. Lovely style, probably unique. Choice Extremely Fine.Though ostensibly struck at different mints (Wasit for this piece, Madinat al‑Salam for the others), the Abbasid presentation coins in the Sunrise Collection display similar careful production technique, style and quality control. This suggests the coins were produced while the caliph himself was resident in the mint city, perhaps while on military campaign, and that a specialized team of artisans traveling with him controlled production of the coins. This lends credence to the theory that the intended recipients were regional governors and / or military commanders, whose loyalty was critical to the regime.
Estimate: 6000-8000 USD
Islamic Dynasties
Saffarid, 'Amr b. al-Layth, AH 265-288 / AD 879-901. AR double dirham (32mm, 6.27 gm, 1h). Nishapur AH 286, A‑1402N, struck during the second brief Saffarid occupation of Nishapur in the Khorasan province. Extremely rare and seldom offered! Removed from mount, with mountmark at 3:00. Good Very Fine.
Estimate: 400-600 USD
Islamic Dynasties
Umayyad, temp. al-Walid I, AH 86-98 / AD 705-715. AR dirham (29mm, 2.88 gm, 12h). Arminiya 95 (Dvin in Armenia), A-128. Extremely rare mint! Mint State.
Estimate: 800-1000 USD
Islamic Dynasties
Umayyad, temp.B 'Abd al-Malik, AH 65-86 / AD 685-705. AR dirham (28mm, 2.94 gm, 2h). Jayy AH 82, fabulous strike, perfectly centered, five annulets in both obverse & reverse margins, A-126. Choice Mint State.
Estimate: 800-1100 USD
Не трудно заметить Калиму НА КАЖДОЙ ИЗ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕННЫХ МОНЕТ - а самая старая из них относится к 82 году Хиджры, т.е., к самому началу 8 века от РХ.
Все монеты отсюда: http://www.coinarchives.com/